{"id":31595,"date":"2026-06-26T13:29:58","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T05:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alllandpipes.com\/?p=31595"},"modified":"2026-06-26T13:41:44","modified_gmt":"2026-06-26T05:41:44","slug":"astm-a252-lsaw-steel-pipe-piles-offshore-foundations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alllandpipes.com\/ar\/blogs\/astm-a252-lsaw-steel-pipe-piles-offshore-foundations.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 ASTM A252 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 ASTM A252<\/a> \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n

\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n

\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A252. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Allland Pipes\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0640 API 5L<\/a>, \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 ASTM A252 \u0648 ISO 21809.<\/p>\n\n

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1<\/span>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
2<\/span>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 LSAW \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
3<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A252 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 3: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
4<\/span>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
5<\/span>\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u00ab\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0633\u00bb: \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
6<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
\"\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/div>\n\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A252 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 3: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ASTM A252 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 3 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A252<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A252\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 3 \u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 310 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (45,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 455 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (66,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 20%\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 API 5L\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASTM A252 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 0.050% \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (Ceq) \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n\n

\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

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\u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Ceq (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 V \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Allland Pipes \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 ASTM A252 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 3 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 ASTM \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n

\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (HAZ) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 LSAW \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 ASTM A252 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (HAZ) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (Ceq) \u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.42\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Allland \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 LSAW \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n

\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 3LPP \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 3LPE<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 FBE (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631) \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n

\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a.<\/p>\n\n

2. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634: \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u2014 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d.<\/p>\n\n

3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n

4. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n\n

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\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 3LPP \u06483LPE \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

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